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presented by Julie Brandy, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, CNE
Financial: Julie Brandy receives compensation from MedBridge for this course. There is no financial interest beyond the production of this course.
Non-Financial: Julie Brandy has no competing non-financial interests or relationships with regard to the content presented in this course.
Satisfactory completion requirements: All disciplines must complete learning assessments to be awarded credit, no minimum score required unless otherwise specified within the course.
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Julie Brandy, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, CNE
Dr. Brandy is an Associate Professor of Nursing at Valparaiso University. She holds a PhD in Nursing Science from Loyola University, Chicago, a master's degree as a clinical nurse specialist in psychiatric/mental health nursing, and a post-graduate Certificate as a family nurse practitioner from Valparaiso University. Dr. Brandy is certified as a family nurse practitioner…
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1. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, multisystem disease. Patients with type 2 diabetes experience elevated serum glucose levels, which may be due to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity and metabolic syndrome, as well as a potential genetic mutation.
2. Signs and Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
Signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes may be vague, nonspecific and occur gradually. Often the symptoms can occur for years and be attributed to other health-related issues. Health care providers need to recognize possible symptoms of the disease, which may include fatigue, frequent infections, visual changes, and delayed wound healing.
3. Diagnostic Testing for Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Individuals are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes following abnormal results on one of four diagnostic tests. These test results include an elevated A1C, an elevated fasting plasma glucose, an abnormal glucose tolerance test, or an elevated random plasma glucose level. Evaluation and interpretation of results from each of these testing options will be discussed.
4. Treatment Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes
There is a multitude of treatment options available for individuals with type 2 diabetes. These options may include pharmacologic interventions, such as oral medication and insulin, as well as nonpharmacologic interventions, such as lifestyle changes. Individuals with type 2 diabetes must complete routine monitoring of plasma glucose levels to evaluate the effectiveness of these treatment interventions.
5. Complications of Type 2 Diabetes
Complications of type 2 diabetes can be either emergent or chronic. Health care professionals must be able to recognize emergent complications, which can be life threatening. Emergent complications are most often due to either hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Chronic complications of type 2 diabetes are the result of long-standing hyperglycemia. The occurrence of chronic complications can be decreased by maintaining normal plasma glucose levels.
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